Oceanography Final Study Guide
Know These Topics,
Facts and Concepts
PART
I. Important Processes and Features of
Waves and Coastlines
Coastal
Processes and Landforms
Tides -- spring, neap, sun-moon-earth geometry, perigee, apogee
How tides affect coastal landforms, tidal range
Waves -- wave energy, fetch, how generated
Wave height, wave length, wave period, wave base
Breaker zone, surf zone, swash zone, swash and backwash
Longshore current, longshore drift
Rip currents
Wave refraction
Tsunamis
Storm surges
Sea level change
Eustatic, (world-wide sea level
change) climate change, tectonic change in ocean basins
Isostatic, (change in balance of crust over mantle)
glacial forebulge, tectonic adjustment
Beach processes
Seasonal changes, wave energy
Summer beach -- steeper beach face, net deposition
Winter beach -- flatter, offshore bar, rockier, net erosion
Sediment size, sediment source (where sed comes from)
Rocky beaches versus sandy, or mud beaches
Coastal landforms
Depositional:
Spit, baymouth
bar, lagoon, cuspate spit, pocket beach, bay and headland coast, tombolo
Erosional:
Sea cliffs, wave cut notch, wave-cut
platform or planation platform, sea arch, sea stack
Coastlines
Emergent, prograding,
regressing: due to tectonic uplift,
lowering sea level, sediment deposition, cliffs, marine terraces
Submergent,
recession, transgression: due to
subsidence, sea level rise, erosion, tend to be irregular, estuaries, bay and
headland, barrier islands
Artificial
Structures
Groin, jetty, breakwater,
seawall, rip rap, pier
Important key concept questions that you need to know the answer
to:
1) What is
an ocean wave? How do water particles move as a wave passes
by? What moves along with the wave?
2) What are wind waves? How do they
form? What are their distinct wave form
characteristics? What are the three key
factors that control wind wave size?
3) How do
swells develop out of a rough, stormy region of ocean?
4) What is
the difference between a deep water wave and a shallow water wave?
5) Describe
the process of wave “shoaling”. How
does a set of wave forms change as it approaches the shore?
6) How, why and where do waves break?
What is the difference between a breaking “whitecap” and a breaking
shore wave?
7) What is a tsunami? How do they form?
What are their distinct wave form characteristics?
8) What are
the tides? How do they form? What are their distinct wave form
characteristics?
9) What are
the three different types of daily tides found worldwide?
10) What is
an amphidromic standing rotary wave? An amphidromic
point?
11) Explain
the major differences between the Equilibrium Theory and the Dynamic Theory of
Tides. Which one is best and why?
12) What is the difference between an emergent coastline and a submergent coastline? Which one would you expect to
find at “active margins?” Which at “passive margins?”
How does this relate to plate tectonics?
13) Know what longshore currents are, how they form, what direction they flow,
and how they can move sediment. (Note: the movement of sediment by
longshore current is called “littoral drift.”)
14) Know
what rip currents are, how they form, what direction they flow, and how they
can move sediment.
15) How
should a swimmer negotiate a rip current if caught in one?
16) If one builds a jetty out from a beach, how will the beach be
affected? Where will deposition occur? up-current
from the jetty (up-current is the direction the longshore current is coming
from)) or down-current? Where will erosion occur?
17) What is “wave refraction?” How does
wave refraction contribute to faster erosion of sea cliffs that jut out into
the ocean?
18) How do
waves erode coastlines?
19) Describe how the ocean attempts to straighten out a shoreline over time.
20) What
are the two major natural sources for beach sediment? How are these sources being affected by human
activities?
21) What is
the major underwater feature that permanently funnels shoreline sediment to
deep water offshore?
22) What
effect do breakwaters have on beaches?
23) What is
the difference between a jetty and a groin?
What the negative impact of building groins and jetties?
24) What
are the positive and negative effects of building seawalls along coastal
bluffs?
25) If you are going to build along the shoreline, what factors should you
consider?
Part
II - Marine Life
A.
Marine Life – Classification, Physical Factors, and Habitats
Read:
Chapter in
Perspective
Chapter 12
Concept Checks and Key Concepts Review
Terms and Concepts to Remember:
benthic |
autotroph |
chemosynthesis |
food web |
heterotroph |
limiting factor |
kingdom |
natural selection |
pelagic/neritic zones |
nutrient |
mutation |
euphotic/disphotic zones |
photosynthesis |
extremophile |
trophic pyramid |
primary producer |
primary consumer |
primary productivity |
isotonic |
hypertonic |
hypotonic |
Important key concept questions that you need to know the answer
to:
1. Briefly describe the six
biological kingdoms
2. Explain how marine are classified.
3. List and briefly describe
the major controlling physical factors
4. Discuss how the different physical factors and biological factors
affect marine life
5. Explain how the total primary productivity in land communities nearly
equals the total primary productivity in ocean communities; but, the biomass of
primary producers in the ocean is nearly 1,000 times smaller than the biomass
of primary producers on the land
6. Describe the different zones of the marine environment by quantity of
light
7. Describe the different zones of the marine environment by distance
from a continental shoreline
8. Describe the different zones of the marine environment in terms of
pelagic and benthic.
9. Explain the how marine food webs can exist near undersea hydrothermal
vents
10. Describe and explain how life
has changed through time in the ocean.
11. Explain the basic concepts of biological evolution, in terms of life
responding to environmental pressures.
12. Explain the concept of “natural selection”.
B. Primary Productivity
--- Plankton, Algae, and Plants
Read:
Chapter in Perspective
Chapter 13
Concept Checks and Key Concepts Review
Terms and Concepts to Remember:
algae |
coccolithophore |
accessory
pigment |
copepod |
foraminifera |
|
krill |
phytoplankton |
zooplankton |
Chlorophyta |
kelp |
Rhodophyta |
plankton
bloom |
nekton |
sea grass |
mangrove |
bioluminescence |
|
multicellular algae |
seaweed |
compensation
depth |
Important key concept questions that you need
to know the answer to:
1. Differentiate between phytoplankton and zooplankton
2. Discuss the factors that limit marine primary productivity
3. Explain where plankton productivity is the highest, and explain why
4. Describe the four most important groups of organisms contributing to
primary productivity in the ocean
5. Describe how seaweeds are classified
6. Explain “compensation depth”
7. List some commercial
products available from diatoms and from seaweeds
C. Marine Animals –
Pelagic and Benthic Communities
Read:
Chapter in Perspective
Chapters 14 and 15
Concept Checks and Key Concepts Review
Explore Online:
Classification
of Marine Animals
Terms and Concepts to Remember:
vertebrate
/ invertebrate |
echolocation |
suspension
feeder |
radial
symmetry |
swim
bladder |
osmoregulation |
oxygen
revolution |
exoskeleton
|
molt |
zooxanthellae |
phylum/class |
hermatypic |
gas
exchange |
notochord |
salt
glands |
water-vascular
system |
baleen |
cartilage |
ectotherm/endotherm |
medusa |
polyp |
intertidal
zone |
niche |
population |
habitat |
brackish |
carrying
capacity |
community |
environmental
resistance |
mutualism |
symbiosis |
commensalism |
parasitism |
eurythermal / stenothermal |
J-curve /
S-curve |
climax
community |
euryhaline / stenohaline |
population
density |
DSL |
Important key concept
questions that you need to know the answer to:
Part 1: The Invertebrates
1. State when the first true animals evolve and describe what
atmospheric changes had to happen before the first true animal life was
possible
2. List evolutionary advances characteristic of higher organisms that
are first seen in the worms
3. State which invertebrate animal phylum is most
"successful" and which invertebrate phylum is most primitive
4. State which marine invertebrate is most intelligent and which is the
largest
5. Explain how an arthropod grows without getting bigger, and yet gets
bigger without growing
6. List the major groups of the
invertebrates, and explain what makes each group unique from the others
Part 2: The Vertebrates
1. List the seven classes of vertebrates and provide examples
2. Identify which class of vertebrates has no permanent marine
representative
3. List the classes of living fishes and indicate which class is: most
primitive, most advanced, largest individuals, most economically important
4. State which marine animal phylum is: most advanced, largest sized
members, most intelligent members
5. State the name of the largest fish and state the name of the largest
marine animal
6. Differentiate between dolphins and porpoises; sea birds and land
birds; baleen whales and toothed whales
7. Discuss the origin of the
marine mammals.
Part 3: Communities
1. Differentiate between:
population and community; niche and habitat; photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
2. Describe a typical
population growth curve and indicate what factors influence the curve's shape
3. Explain the richness of
the rocky intertidal zone despite the many problems and rigors facing its
inhabitants
4. Explain how inhabitants
of hydrothermal vent communities differ from other deep seafloor organisms
5. Indicate the source of
nutrition for hydrothermal vent communities
6. Describe and give examples
of three types of symbiosis
7. Describe the residents
of the most sparsely populated marine habitat
Part III - Marine Resources
Read:
Lecture Notes (Below)
Chapters 13, 14 and 15
Concept Checks and Key Concepts Review
Explore Online:
Lesson 11 - Energy from the ocean
Lesson 12 - Food, water and
medicine from the sea
Terms and Concepts to
Remember:
desalination |
drift net |
aquaculture |
maximum
sustainable yield |
exclusive
economic zone |
mariculture |
bykill |
overfishing |
commercial
extinction |
Important key concept questions that you need
to know the answer to:
1. Differentiate between and give examples of :
physical resources; biological resources; marine energy resources; renewable
and nonrenewable resources
2. Explain how petroleum oil and natural gas form
3. Describe the pros and cons of exploiting methane hydrate deposits
4. Explain several methods of ocean energy extraction
5. List observations that support the statement that most of the world's
marine fishes are overfished
6. Distinguish between mariculture and
aquaculture; bykill and overfishing
7. Explain why drift net fishing is banned
8. Explain why bottom drag-trawling is so destructive to benthic
environments
9. The Monterey Bay Aquarium in
MARINE
RESOURCES LECTURE NOTES
I. Marine Economics
A. Definition of “Economy” -
1. Defined
2. Who is part of
the marine economy?
Who makes the decisions concerning what is produced, how
it is produced, how much, where it is going, and for how much money?
B. Supply and Demand of Marine Products and Services in Global Markets
1. Not a truly “free
market” system
2. Some negative
aspects of products and services not included in price
3. Level of growth
and exploitation of marine resources
· Nearly all
resources currently exploited at unsustainable rates
· Little in the
way of global regulation and moderation
C. What makes a resource economically feasible? Unfeasible?
1.
Cost considerations
· Exploration
· Research and
Development
· Exploitation/Extraction
· Transportation
· Marketing
· Supply and
Demand
· Competing
land-based resources
· Benefits versus
Harmful effects
II. Various
Types of Marine Resources
A. Physical Resources
1. Hydrocarbon deposits
· Types
o
Petroleum (oil)
o
Natural Gas
o
Methane hydrate
· Importance
v Offshore oil
and gas generated $300 billion in revenues in 2001
v 35% oil
extraction from seabed
v 25% natural gas
extraction from seabed
v 1/3 of world’s
known reserves occur along continental margins
· Locations in
the
v
v North Slope of
· Formation of
Oil and Gas
v Nearly always
associated with marine shelf sediments
v Most likely
forms from planktonic and/or soft-bodied benthic
organisms that die and fall to the seafloor
v Collect in
quiet, low-oxygen basins
v Progressively
buried organic matter slow-cooked
v Takes millions
of years to form
v Oil and gas
rises and collects in geologic structural “traps”
v Concentrated in
porous rock “reservoir” formations beneath an impermeable rock cap layer
· Offshore
drilling and extraction of oil and gas is far more expensive than land-based
operations
· Very little
likelihood of oil and gas deposits in the deep ocean seabed
· Methane hydrate
is by far the most abundant hydrocarbon on Earth
v In the form of
methane-laced ice trapped in sediments on the continental shelves
v Very costly and
dangerous to exploit
v Could pose a
significant factor in global warming
2.
Mineral Resources
· Sand and Gravel
v Presently most
commercially profitable
· Salts
v Extracted using
evaporation ponds along arid shorelines
v Various salts
are segregated by systematic shifting of the brines
· Magnesium
v Third most
abundant element in seawater
· Manganese
nodules
v Litters the
deep ocean abyssal plains
v Also rich in
iron, copper, nickel and cobalt
v Represents a
2000-year supply at current consumption rate
v Presently no
commercial mining
· Phosphorite deposits
v Important
fertilizer and industrial chemical source
· Metal sulphides
v Concentrated at
deep-sea volcanic centers such as mid-ocean spreading centers and rift zones
v Rich in zinc,
copper, iron, lead, silver, and cadmium
v Precipitate
from hot mineral-rich hydrothermal fluids ejected at black and white smoker
vents
3.
Fresh Water
· Desalinization
v Methods include
distillation, reverse osmosis, and freezing
v Over 1,500
plants operating worldwide
v Desalinization
is generally an expensive process
· Iceberg
harvesting
v Towing of
Antarctic icebergs to urbanized coastal centers
B. Energetics Resources –
1. Wind
· Fastest growing
source of energy in the world
2. Waves and Currents
· Wind waves
v Greatest
surface energy source
· Tidal Currents
v Commercially-proven
technology
· Ocean Currents
v Example:
3. Thermal Gradient
v The greatest
potential for ocean energy by far
v Proven
technology
v Limited to the
deep-ocean tropics
v Ocean thermal
energy conversion (OTEC) systems
4. All ocean
energy sources are
v Renewable –
virtually inexhaustible
v Very Clean
v Presently
uneconomical, except for wind
C. Biological Resources
1.
Fish, Crustaceans, and Mollusks
· The most
valuable living marine resource
· 130 million
tons landed in 2001 by commercial fisherman
· 2001 worldwide
marine catch estimated at $90 billion
· Fewer than 500
species are regularly caught on a commercial scale
· 15 million
people employed worldwide in the fisheries industry
· Most dangerous
job in the
· Roughly half of
worldwide marine catch taken by only five counties
· Roughly 75% of
annual worldwide catch taken by commercial fishers
2.
Whaling
· Hunted since
the late 1800’s
· Taken for their
meat, bones and blubber (oil)
v Meat for human
and animal food
v Bones for
fertilizer and foods supplements
v Oil for
lubrication and many other uses
· Estimated 4 ½
million whales lived around 1900
· Today there is
an estimated 1 million whales remaining
· Eight of the
eleven large species of whales are commercially extinct
· Moratorium on
large whaling hunting made by International Whaling Commission in 1986
·
3.
Fur-bearing mammals
· Killed for
their fur
v Mostly seals
and sea lions
v Close to ½
million animals taken
v Illegal in
4.
Botanical
· Marine Algae
v Algin for wide variety of uses
ü Food and
beverages
ü Cosmetics
ü Fabrics
ü Paints and inks
· Seaweeds
v Eaten directly
as food
5.
Fishery (Mis)management
and Government subsidies
· Concept of “maximum sustainable yield”
v Defined
v Critical
importance to properly managed fisheries.
v Presently many
fisheries are at this limit or even over it.
· Concept of “commercial extinction” of marine
species
v Defined
v Numerous
examples
ü Orange roughy
ü
v U.S. National
Fisheries Service estimates that 45% of the fish stocks of whose status are
known are “overfished”.
v Dominant
motivating force of industry is short-term profit.
· Government
subsidization of commercial fisheries
v Industry spent
$124 billion to catch $70 billion worth of marine life in 1995
v
6. Commercial Fishing Practices
· Types of
disruptive, mistargeted, commercial-scale fishing
techniques
v Long-line
fishing
v Bottom trawling
v Drift net
fishing
· The above types
of fishing techniques produces considerable “bykill”.
v Bykill defined
v Impact on
marine communities from bykill
· Commercial
fishing enterprises rarely use reason or restraint in their fishing practices.
7.
Aquaculture
· Aquaculture
defined
· Currently
produces more than ¼ of all fish consumed by humans
· Most
aquaculture occurs in Asian countries
· Mostly
freshwater fish
· By 2010
aquaculture may overtake cattle ranching as a food source
8. Mariculture
· Mariculture defined
· Mainly done
along shorelines in estuaries, bays, and inlets
· About 1/8 to
that of aquaculture production worldwide
· Several types
of marine animals are “farmed” on a large-scale
v Salmon and
plaice
v Shrimp
v Oysters and
abalone
· Several types
of marine animals are “ranched”
v Salmon
v Yellowtail and
Blue fin tuna
· Oyster and
salmon mariculture are profitable enterprises in the
v Annual revenues
exceeding $150 million
9. Drugs from the Sea
· Estimated that
10% of marine organisms have useful drug compounds
· Several groups
of organisms have already showed promising derivatives
v Sponges
v Corals
v Tunicates
v Bryozoans
v Annelids
D. Nonextractive
Resources
1. Defined
2. Transportation and Recreation are the two main types
3. Transporting
· Cargo
v Primary payload
is crude oil
ü Accounts for
53% of shipped tonnage
ü ½ of world’s
oil shipped via tankers
v Iron, coal, and
grain make up another 24%
· Passengers
v Waterway
commuter routes
v Cruise ship
industry
4. Recreation
· Pleasure
boating
· Whale watching,
fishing, scuba diving and surfing charters
E. Renewable versus Nonrenewable Resources
1. Define the difference
2. Examples of each
III. Law of the
Sea
1. Concept of “Law of the Sea” initially defined
in 1609 by a Dutchman
·
Forms basis of modern
international maritime laws
2.
Concept of “Territorial Waters” first defined in 1703
3.
Modern day Law of the Sea
·
Modern “Law of the Sea” drafted
and signed by delegates to the United Nations Draft Convention on the Law of
the Sea in 1982.
v
·
The modern “Law of the Sea”
document contains the following features:
v Territorial waters defined
ü
Placed at the 12-mile limit
from shore
v Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) defined
ü
Placed at the 200-mile (370
kilometers) limit from shore
ü
National sovereignty over
resources, economics, and environmental protection
ü
About 40% of world ocean under
control of coastal countries within the EEZs
v “High seas” defined
ü
All areas outside the EEZ’s
ü
Common property to all world
citizens
ü
International Seabed Authority
established to oversee exploitation of deep sea bottom mineral resources
v Protection and management of world ocean
v Concerns regarding resources and pollution
Part IV - Marine Pollution and Environnemental Concerns
Terms and Concepts to
Remember:
pollutant |
pollution |
toxicity |
biodegradable |
non-biodegradable |
point
source |
non-point
source |
hydrocarbons |
excessive
nutrients |
eutrophication |
synthetic
organics |
heavy
metals |
biomganification |
urban
runoff |
solid
wastes |
sewage |
plastics |
air
pollution |
greenhouse
gases |
global
warming |
ozone
layers |
estuaries
concerns |
polar
concerns |
sea level
rise |
glacier
melting |
carbon
footprint |
carbon
dioxide |
sustainable
living |
“inconvenient
truth” |
|
Important key concept questions that you need
to know the answer to:
1. Explain the difference between
a pollutant and pollution.
2. Characterize sources and
effects of pollutants on the marine environment; note the difference between
point- and non-point sources.
3. Examine pathways of
contaminants through marine ecosystems and food webs.
4. Explain the different types of negative anthropogenic impacts on the
global oceans including physical, chemical and biological processes.
5. List the 10 major types of
pollutants entering the ocean, including each type’s major negative effects.
6. Understand the methods used to
assess and quantify marine pollution
7. Understand the complexity of
the marine pollution problem and the impact of our behavior.
8. Connect the term “marine
pollution” to facts and a thorough mechanistic understanding permitting
effective discussions and decision making.
9. Explain strategies designed to
reduce marine pollution.
10. Explain the concept of global
warming
11. List and describe the major
types of greenhouse gases, and where and how they are generated.
12. Explain how humans are
inextricably involved in the current global warming pattern on Earth
13. Describe ways that we can
minimize our carbon footprint in an effort to minimize global warming risks
POLLUTION LECTURE NOTES
I. Marine Pollution
A.Marine Pollution Defined
1. Define ‘marine pollution’
2. Define ‘pollutant’
3.
Distinguish
between natural and human-generated pollutants
B.Sources of Marine Pollutants
1. Runoff and discharges from land
2. Airborne emissions from land
3. Shipping and accidental spills
4. Ocean dumping
5. Offshore mining, oil, and gas drilling
C.Charateristics of Pollutants
1. Define ‘toxicity’
2. Toxicity according to concentration and organism
·
High concentration
versus low concentration toxicity
·
Selective
toxicity according to type of organism
3. Biodegradable versus nonbiodegradable
·
Define
‘biodegradable’
·
Define
‘nonbiodegradable’
·
Ways
pollutants become broken down in the ocean
v Physical processes
v Chemical processes
v Biological processes
4.
Persistence of a pollutant in the ocean
·
Persistence
varies according to each specific pollutant
·
Nonbiodegradable
pollutants resist breakdown
v Due to synthetic nature of compounds
v Resemble nothing in nature
v May reside in ocean for thousands of years
D.Types of Marine Pollution
1. Oil
Pollution
·
Both natural
and human-induced oil pollution occurs
·
Crude oil
less toxic than refined oil products
·
Sources and
Amounts of Oil pollution (in million metric tons)
v Shipping (1.9)
v River runoff (1.6)
v Industrial and Sewage wastes (0.6)
v Input from air (0.6)
v Natural seeps (0.6 – 10% of total)
v Urban runoff (0.3)
v Tanker accidents (0.2)
v Coastal refineries (0.2)
v Offshore oil production (0.1)
·
Largest Oil
Spills Since 1980 – Ranked (millions of gallons)
v #1 – Discharge into Persian Gulf during Gulf War
v #2 – Well spill into Bay of Campeche, Mexico
v #3 – Tanker Atlantic Empress
2.
Heavy Metals
·
Toxic effects
of heavy metals
v Very toxic in very samll amounts
v Immune supressor
v Interferes with normal cell metabolism
v Brain damage
v Birth defects
v Concentration buildup upwards marine food chain
Ø
Called
biological amplification
·
Types of
heavy metals
v Lead
v Mercury
v Copper
v Cadmium
·
Major sources
of heavy metals
v Both natural and human-derived
v Industrial discharge
v Runoff from rivers and urban areas
v Air emissions from burning coal
3.
Synthetic Organic Chemicals
·
Toxic effects
v Very toxic in very small amounts
v All are considered harmful to sealife
v Concentration buildup upwards marine food chain
Ø
Called
biological amplification
v Thin shelled eggs in birds
v Birth defects
v Declining fertitilty
v Depressed immune system
v Negative behaviorial changes
·
Types of
synthetic organic chemicals
v Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Ø
Pesticides
ü
Example is
‘DDT’
Ø
Flame
retardants
Ø
Industrial
solvents
v Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s)
Ø
Widely used
to cool and insulate electrical devices
Ø
Also used to
strengthen wood and concrete
Ø
Major problem
in seals, sea lions, dolphins and whales
v Dioxin
v Luminescent compounds
·
Major sources
v Pesticide residue runoff from farms and yards
v Illegal industrial discharge
v Accidental spills into surface and ground waters
4.
Eutrophication-inducing compounds
·
Overabundance
of organic nutrient compounds
v Fertilizers and detergents
v Nitrates and phosphates
·
Define
‘eutrophication’
·
Occurs mainly
at the mouths of almost all the world’s rivers via runoff
·
Sources of
compounds
v Wastewater treatment plants
v Farmland runoff
v Factory effluent
v Typically enter ocean via stream systems
·
Effects of
eutrophication
v Explosive growth of marine autotophs
v Drastic reduction in free oxygen in water
v High bacterial activity
v Marine animal suffocation
v Increased opacity of water column
v Release of toxic substances released from algae
·
Occurance of
harmful algal blooms or HAB’s
v
·
Apparent
increase in number and intensity of HAB’s
5.
Solid wastes
·
Trash
including plastic is dumped at sea
·
Plastic is
virtually nonbiodegradable
·
Close to 10%
of human solid waste is plastic
6.
Radioactive Wastes
·
Sources
v Nuclear power plants
v Nuclear weapons plants and storage installations
v Industrial reactors
·
Negative
effects
v Radiation poisoning
v Very long half-life of radionuclides
·
Fundamental
problem is finding a safe very long-term waste storage solution
7.
Sediment
8.
Sewage
·
Sources that
enter the ocean
v Coastal outfall pipes and pumping station overflow
v Storm channels during heavy rainstorms
v Offshore sewage sludge dumping
v Harbor vessels
·
Negative
effects
v High concentrations of bacteria and viruses in
coastal waters
v Promotion of eutrophication
v Reduction of free oxygen in coastal waters
v Burial and suffication of offshore sea bottoms by
sewage sludge
9.
Waste Heat
·
Sources of
thermal effluent
v Mainly generated by seaside power generation plants
v Sewage outfalls
·
Negative
effects
v Shock to organisms
v Organisms are sucked into intake pipes
10.
Induced Exotic Species
·
Prime
examples of very disruptive organisms
v Chinese mitten crab
v Mediterranean Caulerpa seaweed
E. The
Costs of Marine Pollution
1. Costs in the United States in 1998 to control terrestrial, atmospheric
and marine pollution
·
US
governement and industry spent $220 billion
·
Each private
US citizen spent an average of $800
2. USA
lost 4% of its gross national product to environmental damages
II. Habitat Destruction
A.Estuaries and Bays
B.Coral Reefs
C.Establishment of Marine Sanctuaries
III. Global Changes
A.Ozone Layer Depletion
1.
Nature of the ozone layer and its changes
2.
Causes of depletion
3.
Harmful effects of ozone layer reduction/loss
4.
Ways to limit depletion/loss
B.Global Warming
1.
Nature of the global warming phenomena
·
Define
‘greenhouse effect’
2.
Causes
·
Greenhouse
gases buildup
·
Types of
greenhouse gases
·
Sources of
greenhouse gases
3. Harmful effects
·
Sea level
rise
·
Climate
changes
·
Ocean current
changes
4. Ways to limit depletion
·
Reduce
human-generated greenhouse emissions
· Increase carbon sinks
IV. What Can Be Done?
A.
Think Globally – Act Locally Philosophy and Lifestyle
1. Stay
educated on environment-sensitive topics and events
2.
Intelligent personal lifestyle choices
3. Voting
choices
4. Support
pro-environmental causes