Oceanography Practice Exam
IV
Marine Life (Chapters 13-16)
Please
Note: 1) The actual exam will consist
of approximately 70 questions.
2) Some of the questions on the real exam
will come from this practice test.
____1. A good "working definition" for
life might be: "A highly organized system that can capture, transform,
store, and transmit ______________."
a. |
food |
b. |
raw materials |
c. |
metabolic products |
d. |
waste products |
e. |
energy |
____ 2. By
using the word "commonality" to describe one of the basic attributes
of life, we mean:
a. |
All life interacts, in some way, with all other life. |
b. |
All life shares certain basic underlying mechanisms within each
individual. |
c. |
All living organisms require identical raw materials and produce
essentially similar end products. |
d. |
all living things had different origins. |
____ 3. Most
biologists and geologists now think life began on Earth about:
a. |
3 million years ago. |
b. |
8 billion years ago. |
c. |
3.5 - 4 billion years ago. |
d. |
10,000 years ago. |
e. |
500,000 years ago. |
____ 4. The life that first formed on Earth was in the forms of complex cells and multicellular organisms such as we see around us today:
a. |
true. |
b. |
false. |
____ 5. In
order to survive, every organism must have a continuous external source of:
a. |
adult living organisms. |
b. |
spores, seeds, gametes, etc. |
c. |
oxygen. |
d. |
energy. |
e. |
tender loving care. |
____ 6. Which
of these factors was not present in large quantities on Earth's surface at the
time of the origin of life here?
a. |
electrical energy (lightning, etc.) |
b. |
heat. |
c. |
free atmospheric oxygen. |
d. |
ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays, etc.) |
e. |
rain and erosion. |
____ 7. The
Gaia hypothesis, suggested in 1979 by James Lovelock, suggests that life
influences the physical environment of Earth, possibly by intentional control.
a. |
true |
b. |
false |
____ 8. Which
of the following is never part of the carbon cycle?
a. |
carbonate rocks |
b. |
carbon dioxide |
c. |
shells and ooze |
d. |
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) |
e. |
all of the items listed above are part of the carbon cycle. |
____ 9.
"Fixation" means
a. |
the spaying or neutering of marine mammals to prevent
overpopulation. |
b. |
binding an atom into a larger molecule. |
c. |
adding carbon dioxide to a compound. |
d. |
adding nitrogen to a compound. |
e. |
removing oxygen from a large molecule |
____ 10. Mass
extinctions are
a. |
relatively common, happening about once in every million years. |
b. |
so rare that only one is known from the time of the
solidification of Earth's surface. |
c. |
relatively rare - perhaps 6 great extinctions have occurred
since the origin of life on Earth – roughly every 250 million years or so. |
d. |
mythical and unproven |
e. |
annual events occurring with the changing of the seasons. |
____ 11. The
zone of lighted ocean in which marine autotrophs tap more energy (surplus) than
they use to stay alive is called:
a. |
the photic zone |
b. |
the euphotic zone |
c. |
the abyssal zone |
d. |
the mesopelagic zone |
e. |
the hadal zone |
____ 12. Though
it is difficult to generalize for the ocean as a whole, the bottom of the
euphotic zone is typically __________ meters (feet) in mid-latitudes.
a. |
20 meters (66 feet) |
b. |
70 meters (230 feet) |
c. |
120 meters (380 feet) |
d. |
200 meters (650 feet) |
e. |
500 meters (1600 feet) |
____ 13. The
two main inorganic nutrients necessary for the success of marine autotrophs
are:
a. |
carbon dioxide and carbohydrates. |
b. |
glucose and oxygen. |
c. |
nitrates and phosphates. |
d. |
nitrates and carbohydrates. |
e. |
phosphates and carbohydrates. |
____ 14. An
organism's metabolic rate approximately doubles with a temperature increase of
20°C.
a. |
true |
b. |
false |
____ 15. Most
marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their
surroundings. They are known as ____________ organisms.
a. |
endothermic (warm-blooded) |
b. |
exothermic (cold-blooded) |
c. |
homeothermic (single-blooded) |
d. |
poikilothermic (multi-blooded) |
____ 16. All
other factors being equal, a greater quantity of dissolved gas can be held in
solution in warm seawater than in cold seawater.
a. |
true. |
b. |
false. |
____ 17. When
carbon dioxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more
a. |
acidic, its pH is higher. |
b. |
acidic, its pH is lower. |
c. |
alkaline, its pH is higher. |
d. |
alkaline, its pH is lower. |
____ 18. A physical or
biological necessity whose presence in inappropriate amounts limits the normal
action of an organism is called a(n)
a. |
community factor |
b. |
biological factor |
c. |
environmental factor |
d. |
ecological factor |
e. |
limiting factor |
____ 19. A marine animal placed in fresh water would be __________________in its environment.
a. |
hypertonic |
b. |
hypotonic |
c. |
isotonic |
d. |
diatonic |
e. |
monotonic |
____ 20. Diffusion
of water through a biological membrane is called:
a. |
active transport. |
b. |
osmosis. |
c. |
diffusion. |
d. |
isotonicity. |
____ 21. The
movement of a substance through a biological membrane from a region of low
concentration to a region of higher concentration is called
a. |
active transport. |
b. |
osmosis. |
c. |
diffusion. |
d. |
isotonicity. |
____ 22. The
open ocean realm, away from land.
a. |
pelagic |
b. |
benthic |
c. |
neritic |
d. |
oceanic |
e. |
hadal |
____ 23. The
open ocean environment (up in the water column), in general.
a. |
pelagic |
b. |
benthic |
c. |
neritic |
d. |
oceanic |
e. |
hadal |
____ 24. Refers
to the bottom, in general.
a. |
pelagic |
b. |
benthic |
c. |
neritic |
d. |
oceanic |
e. |
hadal |
____ 25. The
open ocean environment, over the continental shelves.
a. |
pelagic |
b. |
benthic |
c. |
neritic |
d. |
oceanic |
e. |
hadal |
____ 26. A
population of fish in an enclosed lagoon was threatened with overpopulation and
a stressed food supply until a number of predators discovered the population.
After a time, there were fewer fish, but the average swimming speed of the
population of fish had increased. This is a good illustration of:
a. |
Artificially induced mutation. |
b. |
Hereditary transmission of the results of training. |
c. |
Natural selection. |
d. |
Population explosion. |
e. |
Genetic drift. |
____ 27. "Success"
in biology means:
a. |
Amount of territory controlled. |
b. |
Number of mates. |
c. |
Number of living offspring. |
d. |
Size of adult individual. |
e. |
Appearance of adult individual. |
____ 28. Isolation
of varieties resulting in the formation of a new species can involve
differences in:
a. |
environmental requirements. |
b. |
geographic distribution. |
c. |
seasonal or physiological aspects of sexual reproduction. |
d. |
sexual structures. |
e. |
all of the above. |
____ 29. Speciation
(origination of new species) nearly always requires some form of:
a. |
mutation and/or variation. |
b. |
isolation. |
c. |
selection "for" a trait. |
d. |
successful reproduction. |
e. |
all of the above. |
____ 30. The
classical definition of species depends ultimately on:
a. |
differences in appearance. |
b. |
differences in evolutionary background. |
c. |
reproductive isolation from other species. |
d. |
differences in taxonomy. |
e. |
physical isolation from other species. |
____ 31. Which
of the following best states the evolutionary theory?
a. |
Evolution is the maintenance of life under changing conditions. |
b. |
Evolution is the invariable survival of the fittest. |
c. |
Evolution is the descent of humans from apes. |
d. |
Evolution is the inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
____ 32. The
inventor of the system of biological nomenclature we use today was:
a. |
Benjamin Franklin |
b. |
Matthew Maury |
c. |
Charles Darwin |
d. |
Thomas Henry Huxley |
e. |
Carolus Linnaeus |
____ 33. A
natural system of classification for living organisms relies on an analysis of
a. |
external similarities. |
b. |
size and color. |
c. |
habitat. |
d. |
evolutionary relationships. |
e. |
species numbers. |
____ 34. A single species is segregated from all other
kinds of living things by
a. |
isolation in space. |
b. |
isolation in time. |
c. |
reproductive isolation. |
d. |
differences in sizes and colors. |
e. |
differences in life-styles. |
____ 35. Scientific
names are
a. |
permanent. |
b. |
universally applicable to the species in question. |
c. |
usually descriptive in an unchanging language. |
d. |
monitored to prevent duplication. |
e. |
all of the above. |
____ 36. When
a phytoplankter remains below its compensation depth, it:
a. |
will survive, but will grow much more slowly. |
b. |
will eventually die. |
c. |
will die almost immediately. |
d. |
[The question is meaningless.] |
____ 37. The
compensation depth for zooplankton is ________________ that for phytoplankton.
a. |
higher than |
b. |
lower than |
c. |
the same as |
d. |
[The question is meaningless.] |
____ 38. Seaweeds
are of great interest to marine biologists, but have no commercial value.
a. |
true. |
b. |
false. |
____ 39. Flexible
outer covering.
a. |
diatom |
b. |
dinoflagellate |
c. |
neither |
d. |
both |
____ 40. Propelled
by twin whip-like projections.
a. |
diatom |
b. |
dinoflagellate |
c. |
neither |
d. |
both |
____ 41. Two
valves, or shells, of glass-like substance.
a. |
diatom |
b. |
dinoflagellate |
c. |
neither |
d. |
both |
____ 42. HABs
or "red tides" are usually caused by these.
a. |
diatom |
b. |
dinoflagellate |
c. |
neither |
d. |
both |
____ 43. These
sometimes use a small droplet of oil for flotation.
a. |
diatom |
b. |
dinoflagellate |
c. |
neither |
d. |
both |
____ 44. The
more primitive of the two (evolved first).
a. |
diatom |
b. |
dinoflagellate |
c. |
neither |
d. |
both |
____ 45. Some
species are brightly bioluminescent.
a. |
diatom |
b. |
dinoflagellate |
c. |
neither |
d. |
both |
____ 46. Cut
through by tiny pores that permit contact of membranes with seawater.
a. |
diatom |
b. |
dinoflagellate |
c. |
neither |
d. |
both |
____ 47. Of
the two plant-like organisms listed, this one has the deeper average
compensation depth.
a. |
diatom |
b. |
dinoflagellate |
c. |
neither |
d. |
both |
____ 48. The
more efficient photosynthesizer of the two plants listed.
a. |
diatom |
b. |
dinoflagellate |
c. |
neither |
d. |
both |
____ 49. Smallest
drifting organisms.
a. |
plankton |
b. |
meroplankton |
c. |
ultraplankton |
d. |
phytoplankton |
e. |
zooplankton |
____ 50. Part
of the organism's life cycle is spent as a member of the plankton community.
a. |
plankton |
b. |
meroplankton |
c. |
ultraplankton |
d. |
phytoplankton |
e. |
zooplankton |
____ 51. Plant-like
organisms.
a. |
plankton |
b. |
meroplankton |
c. |
ultraplankton |
d. |
phytoplankton |
e. |
zooplankton |
____ 52. Drifting
with the currents.
a. |
plankton |
b. |
meroplankton |
c. |
ultraplankton |
d. |
phytoplankton |
e. |
zooplankton |
____ 53. Animals.
a. |
plankton |
b. |
meroplankton |
c. |
ultraplankton |
d. |
phytoplankton |
e. |
zooplankton |
____ 54. Plankton
is a phylogenetic category.
a. |
true. |
b. |
false. |
____ 55. The
group of marine algae best adapted to deep water is:
a. |
red algae, the Rhodophyta. |
b. |
green algae, the Chlorophyta. |
c. |
blue-green algae, the cyanobacteria. |
d. |
golden algae, the Chrysophyta. |
e. |
brown algae, the Phaeophyta. |
____ 56. Kelp,
or common seaweed, is in this group:
a. |
red algae, the Rhodophyta. |
b. |
green algae, the Chlorophyta. |
c. |
blue-green algae, the cyanobacteria. |
d. |
golden algae, the Chrysophyta. |
e. |
brown algae, the Phaeophyta. |
____ 57. Marine
algae are non-vascular plants.
a. |
true. |
b. |
false. |
____ 58. The
biomass (living bulk) of seaweeds in the ocean is greater than the biomass of
phytoplankton.
a. |
true |
b. |
false |
____ 59. What
is produced in primary productivity?
a. |
carbon dioxide |
b. |
cold, blue light |
c. |
carbohydrates |
d. |
gametes |
e. |
carbon atoms |
____ 60. Where,
through a year, is the greatest total oceanic primary productivity?
a. |
in the tropics. |
b. |
in the temperate zones. |
c. |
in the polar regions. |
d. |
productivity is about equal at all latitudes. |
____ 61. The
depth at which phytoplankton productivity is often greatest when averaged for a
whole day is:
a. |
about 1 meter (3.3 feet) |
b. |
about 20 meters (66 feet) |
c. |
between 5 and 10 meters (17 and 33 feet) |
d. |
below 30 meters (below 100 feet) |
e. |
below 300 meters (below 1,000 feet) |
____ 62. Typical
plankton productivity in the temperate zone is about _____ gC/m2/yr.
a. |
5 |
b. |
120 |
c. |
500 |
d. |
1,200 |
e. |
10,000 |
____ 63. All
large (i.e., easily visible to the unaided eye) marine plants are marine algae.
a. |
true |
b. |
false |
____ 64. Ultraplankton consist mainly of:
a. |
diatoms and dinoflagellates. |
b. |
small forms of zooplankton. |
c. |
bacteria and viruses. |
d. |
unusually large floating organisms such as medusae (jellyfish). |
e. |
temporary members of the plankton community. |
____ 65. Primary productivity can be measured from
satellites by sensors that detect
a. |
oxygen in seawater. |
b. |
carbohydrates in seawater. |
c. |
sea surface temperature. |
d. |
latitude and longitude. |
e. |
chlorophyll concentrations. |
____ 66. Primary
productivity occurring on land is now thought to be about __________ primary
productivity in the ocean.
a. |
10% of |
b. |
50% of |
c. |
200% of |
d. |
the same as |
e. |
[the question is meaningless] |
____ 67. The
organisms that produce food are called:
a. |
primary consumers |
b. |
primary producers |
c. |
heterotrophs |
d. |
secondary consumers |
e. |
secondary producers |
____ 68. In
photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight ultimately rests in
a. |
carbon dioxide molecules. |
b. |
carbohydrates. |
c. |
oxygen molecules. |
d. |
water molecules. |
____ 69. Roughly _____ of the energy consumed by any
consumer is stored in the eater as flesh.
a. |
5% |
b. |
10% |
c. |
15% |
d. |
25% |
e. |
50% |
____ 70. The
organisms that consume autotrophs are called:
a. |
primary producers. |
b. |
heterotrophs. |
c. |
secondary producers. |
d. |
secondary consumers. |
e. |
top carnivores. |
____ 71. Animals
are incapable of synthesizing their own food.
a. |
true |
b. |
false |
____ 72. During
the "oxygen revolution,"
a. |
the oxygen content of the atmosphere dropped precipitously. |
b. |
the nitrogen in the atmosphere was replaced by oxygen. |
c. |
the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased significantly. |
d. |
the oxygen in the atmosphere caught fire and roasted the
dinosaurs. |
e. |
the oxygen in the atmosphere was briefly replaced by inert
gases. |
____ 73. A
phylum whose members are radially symmetrical, based on the number 5, and have
tube-feet at some time in their development:
a. |
Phylum Arthropoda |
b. |
Phylum Echinodermata |
c. |
Phylum Nematoda |
d. |
Phylum Chordata |
e. |
none of these |
____ 74. The
most successful phylum on Earth, if success means the number of individuals and
number of species, is:
a. |
Phylum Arthropoda |
b. |
Phylum Echinodermata |
c. |
Phylum Nematoda |
d. |
Phylum Chordata |
e. |
none of these |
____ 75. Which
of these is not characteristic of members of the phylum Arthropoda?
a. |
An exoskeleton of chitin. |
b. |
Articulated appendages. |
c. |
An exoskeleton of protein. |
d. |
Striated muscle. |
e. |
A distinct valved heart. |
____ 76. Which
of the vertebrate groups is considered the most ancient?
a. |
The fishes. |
b. |
The mammals. |
c. |
The reptiles. |
d. |
The amphibians. |
e. |
The birds. |
____ 77. The
sharks, skates, and rays are members of this group:
a. |
Reptilia |
b. |
Chondrichthyes |
c. |
Osteichthyes |
d. |
Agnatha |
e. |
none of the above |
78. Bony
fish (like tuna or anchovies) are members of this group:
a. |
Mammalia |
b. |
Chondrichthyes |
c. |
Osteichthyes |
d. |
Agnatha |
e. |
none of the above |
____ 79. A
marine fish must ____________ seawater, and _________ salt from special glands
in the gills.
a. |
excrete ... import |
b. |
drink ... import |
c. |
excrete ... export |
d. |
drink ... export |
e. |
neither drink nor excrete ... import |
____ 80. In
the gill of a fish, water and blood circulate _______________, which
_________________ transfer efficiency.
a. |
in the same direction ... increases |
b. |
in opposite directions ... increases |
c. |
in the same direction ... decreases |
d. |
in opposite directions ... decreases |
e. |
by mixing together ... increases |
____ 81. There
are no true marine amphibians, mainly because
a. |
not enough time has passed for their evolution. |
b. |
their skin is not permeable to water. |
c. |
their skin is too permeable to water. |
d. |
the outermost layer of their skin dissolves in a saline
environment. |
e. |
they don't have gills. |
____ 82. All
of these statements about marine turtles are true except:
a. |
All are in some danger of extinction. |
b. |
They have a strong homing instinct. |
c. |
Their front limbs are flattened. |
d. |
Their heads retract into their shells. |
e. |
Living species may exceed 3 meters (10 feet) in length. |
____ 83. All
sea snakes are venomous.
a. |
true |
b. |
false |
____ 84. The
wings of the most "severely oceanic" birds (that is, birds spending
nearly all of their life span aloft over the ocean) tend to be
a. |
short and blunt. |
b. |
long, thick, and pointed. |
c. |
long, thin, and pointed. |
d. |
long, thin, and blunt. |
e. |
short and pointed. |
____ 85. Marine
birds eliminate salt by
a. |
traveling to land to drink fresh water. |
b. |
storing water from rains within their feathers. |
c. |
extracting fresh water from their prey. |
d. |
manufacturing fresh water from seawater. |
e. |
using salt glands to extract salt from their blood. |
____ 86. Animals
that generate and regulate metabolic heat and maintain an internal body
temperature generally higher than that of their surroundings are called:
a. |
poikilotherms |
b. |
mesotherms |
c. |
paratherms |
d. |
homeotherms |
e. |
none of the above |
____ 87. Marine
mammals began to evolve distinctly from land mammals about _______ million
years ago.
a. |
2 |
b. |
20 |
c. |
50 |
d. |
250 |
e. |
500 |
____ 88. Marine
mammals.
a. |
Cetacea |
b. |
Pinnipedia |
c. |
Sirenia |
d. |
all of these |
e. |
none of these |
____ 89. Whales.
a. |
Cetacea |
b. |
Pinnipedia |
c. |
Sirenia |
d. |
all of these |
e. |
none of these |
____ 90. Fishes.
a. |
Cetacea |
b. |
Pinnipedia |
c. |
Sirenia |
d. |
all of these |
e. |
none of these |
____ 91. Manatees,
sea cows.
a. |
Cetacea |
b. |
Pinnipedia |
c. |
Sirenia |
d. |
all of these |
e. |
none of these |
____ 92. Seals,
sea lions, walruses.
a. |
Cetacea |
b. |
Pinnipedia |
c. |
Sirenia |
d. |
all of these |
e. |
none of these |
____ 93. Which
of these characteristics is not applicable to all Cetacea?
a. |
Almost complete hair loss. |
b. |
Large, deeply convoluted brain. |
c. |
Air-breathing. |
d. |
Teeth in powerful jaws. |
e. |
Skin that decreases the friction of water flow at middle and
high speeds. |
____ 94. These
whales are also known as baleen or whalebone whales:
a. |
whales of suborder Odontoceti. |
b. |
whales of suborder Mysticeti. |
c. |
all whales. |
d. |
all whales and most sharks (combined). |
e. |
none of these. |
____ 95. Most
sharks are dangerous to humans.
a. |
true |
b. |
false |
____ 96. Sonar
is used by
a. |
all whales. |
b. |
toothed whales, primarily. |
c. |
baleen whales, primarily. |
d. |
the navy and many bats, but not whales. |
e. |
none of the above. |
____ 97. The
largest whale is:
a. |
the gray whale. |
b. |
the sei whale. |
c. |
the killer whale. |
d. |
the blue whale. |
e. |
the minke whale. |
____ 98. Which
of these statements describes the smallest whales?
a. |
They are members of the Odontocete group. |
b. |
They catch their prey with teeth. |
c. |
They may stun their prey with very loud sounds. |
d. |
They appear to be quite intelligent. |
e. |
(All of the above are true.) |
____ 99. Sea
birds navigate by using
a. |
the sun angle and the position of distant stars. |
b. |
polarized light. |
c. |
the Earth's magnetic field. |
d. |
very likely they use all of the above. |
____ 100. Which
group of marine mammals was named because of its fanciful resemblance to
mermaids?
a. |
Cetacea |
b. |
Pinnipedia |
c. |
Fissipedia |
d. |
Sirenia |
e. |
none of the above |
____ 101. A
group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area is called a(n)
______________________.
a. |
community. |
b. |
habitat. |
c. |
population. |
d. |
biome. |
e. |
(none of the above) |
____ 102. The
many populations of organisms that interact with one another at a particular
location form a ____________________.
a. |
community. |
b. |
habitat. |
c. |
niche. |
d. |
biome. |
e. |
(none of the above) |
____ 103. An
organism's "address" within a community is its _____________, while
an organism's ________________ is its "occupation" within that
habitat.
a. |
biome ... niche |
b. |
habitat ... biome |
c. |
niche ... habitat |
d. |
habitat ... niche |
e. |
niche ... biome |
____ 104.
A stenohaline organism would probably be able to withstand a broad range
of salinities.
a. |
true |
b. |
false |
____ 105.
Organisms newly introduced into a favorable environment with no
competitors for food or space will, for a time, reproduce in a _____________
curve.
a. |
S-shaped |
b. |
J-shaped |
c. |
bell-shaped |
d. |
hyperbolic |
e. |
parabolic |
____ 106. Referring
to question #5 above, the rate of growth described by this curve is rarely
maintained for long because of
a. |
exponential resistance. |
b. |
J-curve disruption. |
c. |
S-curve disruption. |
d. |
environmental opposition. |
e. |
environmental resistance. |
____ 107. The
rarest pattern for organism distributions is:
a. |
clumped distribution. |
b. |
negative binomial distribution. |
c. |
random distribution. |
d. |
uniform distribution. |
e. |
even distribution. |
____ 108. A
stable, long-established community is known as:
a. |
a habitat. |
b. |
a climax community. |
c. |
a succession. |
d. |
a niche. |
e. |
(none of the above) |
____ 109. Generally
speaking, the intertidal area is:
a. |
rich in life, but only a few species live there. |
b. |
rich in live, with considerable species diversity. |
c. |
not particularly rich in life. |
d. |
not particularly rich in life, but rich in food. |
e. |
virtually devoid of life because of the great difficulty
organisms have in surviving there. |
____ 110. Intertidal
organisms can protect themselves from wave shock by:
a. |
hiding when a wave comes. |
b. |
gluing themselves to the rocks. |
c. |
sliding into a small crack as the wave crashes around them. |
d. |
running away. |
e. |
all (or any) of the above. |
____ 111. Perhaps
the most difficult oceanic habitat is:
a. |
the abyssal zone. |
b. |
the benthic zone in general. |
c. |
intertidal rocky shores. |
d. |
intertidal beaches |
e. |
intertidal coarse black sand beaches. |
____ 112. Which
of these statements is not true of estuaries?
a. |
Larvae are often abundant there. |
b. |
Estuaries are in danger of development and pollution. |
c. |
Very few autotrophs live in estuaries, but many animals can be
found there. |
d. |
Estuaries are places where saltwater and fresh water meet. |
e. |
Estuaries are exposed to tidal currents moving in and out. |
____ 113. Food
in the intertidal zone is:
a. |
not particularly abundant. |
b. |
abundant but inaccessible. |
c. |
abundant and accessible, but there are no organisms to take
advantage of it. |
d. |
abundant and accessible, and there are many animals to take
advantage of it. |
e. |
none of the above. |
____ 114. Which
of these areas is generally considered to be the most productive and to be
inhabited by the largest number of species?
a. |
The deep open ocean below the photic zone. |
b. |
The deep open ocean floor. |
c. |
The relatively shallow ocean floor of the continental shelves. |
d. |
Gravel beaches. |
e. |
Salt marshes associated with estuaries. |
____ 115. Intertidal
zones are an often-obvious feature of the shore. Which zones would experience
the greatest numbers of individuals and species?
a. |
The zones nearest dry land. |
b. |
The zones farthest from dry land. |
c. |
All the zones have about the same species and organism numbers. |
d. |
There are such great differences in the world ocean that the
answer varies from intertidal place to intertidal place -- it is impossible
to generalize an answer without further information. |
____ 116. Brackish
water is:
a. |
saltier than normal seawater. |
b. |
always low in dissolved oxygen. |
c. |
always high in dissolved carbon dioxide. |
d. |
a mixture of fresh and saltwater. |
e. |
nearly incapable of supporting life. |
____ 117. The
"deep scattering layer" is:
a. |
a layer of marine dust and fecal pellets that reflects light. |
b. |
a relatively dense aggregation of fishes, squid, and other
animals that migrates up and down in the ocean in synchrony with daylight. |
c. |
a relatively dense aggregation of phytoplankton that migrates up
and down in the ocean in synchrony with daylight. |
d. |
an artifact of echosounding -- it doesn't really exist. |
e. |
a relatively dense aggregation of fishes, squid, and other
animals that exists in a thin layer immediately above the deep bottom. |
____ 118. More
living things exist on the deep ocean floor than in that part of the water
column immediately above it.
a. |
true |
b. |
false |
____ 119. Deep
vent communities depend on specialized autotrophs that extract the exceedingly
dim light that filters down to that depth, and uses it is a specialized form of
photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates.
a. |
true |
b. |
false |
____ 120. Which
of the following statements is true of symbiotic relationships?
a. |
They are unusual and infrequently observed in nature. |
b. |
They are only occasionally observed in the marine environment. |
c. |
They are present in marine biology, but are conspicuously
missing in terrestrial biology. |
d. |
They are the most frequently observed life-style of the Earth's
animals. |
e. |
They are the most frequently observed life-style of the Earth's
animals because all organisms on Earth live in direct symbiosis. |
____ 121. The
mode of symbiosis represented by the clownfish/anemone relationship is:
a. |
parasitism. |
b. |
commensalism. |
c. |
acclimatization. |
d. |
relationism. |
e. |
mutualism. |
____ 122. The
most frequently encountered form of direct symbiosis is:
a. |
parasitism. |
b. |
commensalism. |
c. |
acclimatization. |
d. |
relationism. |
e. |
mutualism. |
____ 123. Species-specific
means
a. |
a specific host can be parasitized by only one species of
parasite. |
b. |
a specific parasite can parasitize only one species of host. |
c. |
only one individual parasite can grow within the host organism. |
d. |
the host can never break free of the parasite. |
e. |
none of the above. |
____ 124. Although
the ocean itself contains abundant life, marine organisms have not found niches
in the sediments significantly below the surface of the sea bed.
a. |
true. |
b. |
false. |
____ 125. Sandy
beaches are so harsh that no small animals can survive between their sand
grains.
a. |
true. |
b. |
false. |